SEREMBAN, 13 SEPT – Majlis Penutup Program Ziarah Angkatan Koperasi Kebangsaan Malaysia Berhad (ANGKASA) bersama Majlis Agama Islam Negeri Sembilan (MAINS) telah disempurnakan oleh Naib Presiden ANGKASA, Datuk Haji Mohamad Ali Hassan bertempat di bilik mesyuarat Hotel Sutera Seremban 2.
(Redirected from Angkasa)
Logo of ANGKASA. | |
Abbreviation | ANGKASA |
---|---|
Formation | 2002 |
Headquarters | Banting |
Malaysia | |
Website | www.angkasa.gov.my |
The National Space Agency (Malay: Agensi Angkasa Negara), abbreviated ANGKASA, is the national space agency of Malaysia. It was established in 2002 and its charter includes aims to upgrade, stimulate and foster the country's space programme through integrated and coordinated efforts by developing and applying space technologies.
On March 4, 2019, it was announced by the Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change Minister Yeo Bee Yin, that this agency has been merged with the Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (MRSA) and renamed the Malaysian Space Agency (MYSA) for greater synergy.[1]
- 1Angkasawan program
- 1.1Manned programs
- 2Satellite programs
Angkasawan program[edit]
Manned programs[edit]
The Angkasawan program was an initiative by the Malaysian government to send a Malaysian to the International Space Station on board Soyuz TMA-11. The program was named after the Malay word for astronaut, Angkasawan. It resulted in Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor becoming the first Malaysian in space on 10 October 2007.
The program was officially announced by the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir bin Mohamad, as a joint programme with the Russian Federation. It was a project under the government-to-government offset agreement through the purchase of Sukhoi SU-30MKM fighter jets for the Royal Malaysian Air Force.
Under this agreement the Russian Federation bore the cost of training two Malaysians for space travel and for sending one to the International Space Station (ISS) in October 2007. It resulted in Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor becoming the first Malaysian in space on 10 October 2007.
The evidence suggests that the main objectives of the program are to uplift the national image and to instill in the younger generation greater interest in mathematics and science. At the launch, the Malaysian Science, Technology and Innovation Minister Datuk Seri Dr Jamaluddin Jarjis said: 'It is not merely a project to send a Malaysian into space. After 50 years of independence, we need a new shift and a new advantage to be more successful as a nation. 'We want to awe and inspire, and spur Malaysians to attain greater success by embracing science and technology.' [2]
Later, Dr Jamaluddin Jarjis was more specific as to the objective of the program when he said that it 'was to create awareness among Malaysians the importance of science, technology and the space industry, which could help develop the economy further.'[3]
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor himself said that 'I am not seeking fame or looking forward to be welcomed like a celebrity, but my quest is to inspire Malaysians, especially school children to like learning the subject of science and the space industry.'[3]
Muslims in space[edit]
In April 2006, ANGKASA sponsored a conference[4] of scientists and religious authorities, addressing the issue of how the circumstances of space travel would affect the obligations faced by Muslim astronauts (for instance, how can one face the qibla while orbiting the Earth).
The Malaysian National Space Agency, in co-operation with other Malaysian agencies, developed the 'Guidelines for Performing Islamic Rites at the International Space Station' with the help of 150 scientists and clerics. The handbook details how Muslim astronauts may observe Islamic rites while in orbit. Daily prayer times are aligned with those at the point of departure and if Mecca cannot be located, the astronauts may pray toward the Earth itself. Female Muslim astronauts are required to cover everything but the palms of their hands and their faces.[5]
Satellite programs[edit]
Malaysia uses both satellites purchased abroad and developed in country by Astronautic Technology Sdn Bhd.[6] All of Malaysia's satellites are launched abroad.
Tiung SAT[edit]
Tiung SAT is the first Malaysian microsatellite. The satellite was developed through the technology transfer and training programme between Astronautic Technology Sdn Bhd (ATSB) Malaysia and Surrey Satellite Technology of the United Kingdom. TiungSAT-1 was launched aboard the Dnepr rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on 26 September 2000. The satellite was developed for experiments in Earth imaging, observation of meteorology, detection of cosmic rays, data storage and communications.
MEASAT[edit]
MEASAT (Malaysia East Asia Satellite) is the name of a family of communications satellites owned and operated by MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd. (MYX: 3875, formerly Binariang Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd.), a Malaysian communications satellite operator.
As of 2006, the MEASAT satellite network consisted of three geostationary satellites designed and built by Boeing Satellite Systems. MEASAT-1 and MEASAT-2 were launched in 1996 and MEASAT-3 in 2006.
The MEASAT-1 and 2 satellites were designed to provide 12 years of both direct-to-user television service in Malaysia and general communications services in the region from Malaysia to the Philippines and from Beijing to Indonesia. With the launch of MEASAT-3, the coverage has extended to an area encompassing 70% of the world's population.
RazakSAT[edit]
RazakSAT is a high-resolution Malaysian Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite that was launched on board a Falcon 1 on 14 July 2009.[7] It was placed into a unique near equatorial orbit that presents many imaging opportunities for the equatorial region.RazakSAT is an Earth-observing satellite developed in Malaysia and launched in 2009. Its primary instrument is a medium-aperture camera. Images from the camera are relayed to an Image Receiving and Processing ground station in Malaysia. It failed barely more than 1 year after launch, according to an audit report from October 2011.[8]
Space launcher plans[edit]
In Summer 2001 MNSA started reviewing plans for a small indigenous space launcher that would be developed in collaboration with Japan and would allow Malaysia to join the Asian space powers.[9]
![Program Program](http://angkasa.coop/bm/images/ProfilANGKASA/PROFILE-ANGKASA-BM-2017-1.jpg)
Infrastructure[edit]
MNSA has few satellite-linked ground stations and main Malaysia Space Centre including acting multi-laboratorial Mission Operation Centre, Optical Calibration Laboratory and currently building multi-facilitated Assembly, Integration and Test Centre.
For performing of starts of future indigenous space launchers and foreign operators of space launch services (usual launch pads or air-space systems like Russian air launch etc.), Malaysia is planning to found energy-advantageous near-Equatorialspaceport in Tawau in Sabah in Malaysian part of Borneo island.[10]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Landau, Esther (4 March 2019). 'One agency to manage efficient satellite data and information gathering'. New Straits Times. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ^Bernama. First Malaysian Goes Into Space, Nation Sets History[permanent dead link] 10 October 2007.
- ^ abBernama. Space Programme A Boon For Malaysia[permanent dead link] 28 October 2007.
- ^Malaysian Conf. Probes How Muslim Astronauts PrayArchived 25 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Donadio, Rachel (9 December 2007). 'Interstellar Ramadan'. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^'Astronautic Technology (M) Sdn. Bhd'. ATSB.
- ^'Razaksat Launch Success'. Magazine article. Asian Surveying and Mapping. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- ^'Журнал 'Новости космонавтики''. Novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2008.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
External links[edit]
- National Space Agency on Facebook
- 'Malaysia has high hopes for Moon' by Jonathan Kent, BBC News, 28 August 2005, retrieved 7 July 2006
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Space_Agency_(Malaysia)&oldid=895788308'
Country | Malaysia / Russia |
---|---|
Organisation | Malaysian National Space Agency (ANGKASA) |
Purpose | Astronaut training |
The Angkasawan program was an initiative by the Malaysian government to send a Malaysian to the International Space Station on board Soyuz TMA-11. The program was named after the Malay word for astronaut, Angkasawan. It resulted in Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor becoming the first Malaysian in space on 10 October 2007.
Background and objectives[edit]
The program was officially announced by Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir bin Mohamad, as a joint programme with the Russian Federation. It was a project under the government-to-government offset agreement through the purchase of Sukhoi Su-30MKM fighter jets for the Royal Malaysian Air Force.
Under this agreement the Russian Federation bore the cost of training two Malaysians for space travel and for sending one to the International Space Station (ISS) in October 2007.
The Malaysian National Space Agency (ANGKASA), Ministry of Science, Technologies and Innovations was given the responsibility of selecting the candidates. Two candidates were then sent to the Cosmonaut Training Programme in Star City, Russia for 18 months of training.
The government set the main objectives of the program as uplifting the national image and instilling in the younger generation greater interest in mathematics and science. At the launch, the Malaysian Science, Technology and Innovation Minister Jamaluddin Jarjis said: 'It is not merely a project to send a Malaysian into space. After 50 years of independence, we need a new shift and a new advantage to be more successful as a nation. 'We want to awe and inspire, and spur Malaysians to attain greater success by embracing science and technology.'[1]
Later, Jamaluddin Jarjis was more specific as to the objective of the program when he said that it 'was to create awareness among Malaysians the importance of science, technology and the space industry, which could help develop the economy further.'[2]
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor himself said that 'I am not seeking fame or looking forward to be welcomed like a celebrity, but my quest is to inspire Malaysians, especially school children to like learning the subject of science and the space industry.'[2]
Selection[edit]
The four finalists were:[3]
- Siva Vanajah, 45[4]
- Mohammed Faiz Kamaludin, 44[5]
- Faiz Khaleed, 36[6]
- Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, 44[7]
On 23 July 2007, Sheikh Muszaphar participated in a NASA news conference with the Expedition 16 crew.[8] Faiz Khaleed served as backup to Sheikh Muszaphar.
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor was launched on Soyuz TMA-11 on 10 October 2007 and became the first Malaysian in space.[9] He returned on Soyuz TMA-10 after a ten-day stay on the ISS.[10][11]
Experiments[edit]
# | Experiment | Code | Description |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Cells in Space | CIS | Study of the effects of microgravity and space radiation on eukaryotic cells focusing on changes in the structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels |
2 | Microbes in Space | MIS | Study of the effects of microgravity on motility of bacteria, drug resistances as well as changes in gene expression (using the microarray approach). Expect to show some effects of bacterial growth using a pre-determined minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). |
3 | Protein Crystallisation in Space | PCS | The purpose of this experiment is to compare the crystal growth of lipases on Earth with that grown in microgravity. Several test conditions will also be tested to improve the protein crystallisation process on Earth as well as in space. |
4 | Malaysian Food in Space | FIS | Increase the variety and quality of food available to space travellers by identifying new food items (specifically typical Malaysian dishes) that are appropriate for consumption during space flight. |
5 | Study of spinning motions in microgravity environment | TOP | A physics demonstration to show the effect of microgravity on the motions of spinning object using a top. |
6 | PR and Symbolics | PAS | PR and Symbolics activities. |
On 15 November 2006, in a response to a question in the Dewan Rakyat, Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Ministry parliamentary secretary Rohani Abdul Karim (representing the Science, Technology and Innovation Ministry) stated that the Malaysian astronaut would, 'spin top and toss Batu Seremban (five-stone game) as part of an experiment during his space travel'. She added, 'The astronaut will also paint a batik motif and make 'teh tarik' ('pulled' tea) which would be shared with his fellow astronauts.'.[12]
However, on 18 December 2006, Science, Technology and Innovation Minister Jamaluddin Jarjis said that making teh-tarik in space would not happen. Various experiments drawn up by selected Malaysian institutes would be carried out by the Malaysian astronaut while in zero-gravity. In the planned physics education (live class in space) portion of the spaceflight, the astronaut will also be, 'demonstrating the behaviour of fluids' and 'observing the effects of a spinning object', to show Malaysian students on the ground the effects of zero-gravity on selected physical phenomena.[13]
During the mission, Sheikh Muszaphar performed experiments on board the International Space Station relating to the characteristics and growth of liver cancer and leukaemia cells, the crystallisation of various proteins and microbes in space.[14]
The experiments relating to liver cancer, leukaemia cells and microbes were aimed at benefitting general science and medical research, while the experiments relating to the crystallisation of proteins, lipases in this case, were designed to benefit local industries.[15]
Criticism[edit]
The cost of sending Sheikh Muszaphar into space has been estimated at RM105 million (approximately US$26 million).[16] The Malaysian space program has been criticised as a waste of money for a developing nation that could ill afford such indulgences. Officials defended the funding of the programme as part of a US$900 million defence deal struck with Moscow in 2003 to buy 18 Sukhoi Su-30MKM fighter aircraft.[17]
Numerous individuals, especially residents of Malaysia, displayed opposition and ambiguity towards Sheikh Muszaphar's title as a spaceflight participant, citing the fact that he had trained alongside his crew for spaceflight and is fully qualified, arguing that he should be considered an astronaut.[18][19]
References[edit]
- ^Bernama. First Malaysian Goes Into Space, Nation Sets History 10 October 2007.
- ^ abBernama. [1] 28 October 2007.
- ^'Malaysia Narrows Astronaut Search to Four Candidates'. Space.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.
- ^'Biographies of Astronaut and Cosmonaut Candidates: S. Vanajah A/P Siva Subramaniam'. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
- ^'Biographies of Astronaut and Cosmonaut Candidates: Mohammed Faiz bin Kamaludin'. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
- ^'Cosmonaut Biography: Faiz bin Khaleed'. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
- ^'Cosmonaut Biography: Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor'. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
- ^'NASA Holds Briefing With First Female Station Commander and Crew'.
- ^'Malaysians over the moon at their first astronaut'. Agence France-Presse. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
- ^'One for the Record Books Malaysian Heads into Space'. Spacedaily.com. Retrieved 29 July 2006.
- ^Baldwin, Chris (22 October 2007). 'First Malaysian astronaut returns to hero's welcome'. Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
- ^'M'sian Astronauts To Spin Top, Toss Batu Seremban in Space'. Bernama. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
- ^'No Space for Teh-tarik'. The Star. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
- ^'Mission in space'. TheStar. 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
- ^theStar (2007). 'Tapping into space research'. TheStar. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
- ^'Space Travel'. The Universe. Season 2. Episode 22. 5 February 2008. 44 minutes in. History.
It would cost about $20 million for you to take a weekend trip up to the Space Station.
- ^'Malaysia's first astronaut heads to space'. Straits Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
- ^'Astronaut? 'Spaceflight Participant'?'. Asian Correspondent. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
- ^'Russian Envoy Confirms that Malaysian is not a 'mere passenger.''. The Star. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angkasawan_program&oldid=877116349'